jir 2004 wfma%,a 22 jeksod nx.,dfoaYfha New Nation mqj;amf;a my; i|yka m%jD;a;sh m<úh' fi!È wrdìfha w.aksÈ. m%foaYfha .Eia leKSï lghq;=j, ksr; fjñka isá ARAMCO iud.fï m¾fhaIlhkag fhdaOhl=f.a weg iels,a,la yuqúh' tu weg iels,af,a ysia ln, muKla wä 6 la Wih' ta wkqj weg iels,af,a Wi wä 48 la j;a úh hq;=h' weg iels,a, fidhd.;a ieKskau m%foaYfha md,kh fi!È hqo yuqodj úiska Ndr .kakd ,§' fi!È ARAMCO iud.fï m%OdkSkag yer fjk;a lsisÿ mqoa.,hl=g weg iels,a, ne,Sug heu ;ykï úh' tfy;a fi!È yuqodfõ fy,sfldmag¾ u.ska wyfia isg .;a PdhdrEm lsysmhla udOH w;g m;aù ;sfí'
fï mqj; iu. fhdaO weg iels,af,a PdhdrEm lsysmhlao ksl=;a úh' fï PdhdrEm mÍlaId lr ne¨ m¾fhaIlhka úiska fidhd .kakd ,oafoa th m,a fndrejla njh' weg iels,a, iys; PdhdrEmfha miqìu jir 2000 iema;eïn¾ 16 jeksod weußldfõ ksõfhda¾la k.rfha Hyde msÜgksfha lrñka isá mqrdúoHd;aul le”ul PdhdrEmhls' ^jvd m%isoaO Hyde msÜgksh we;af;a ,kavka k.rfhah'& tu leKSfï§ fuhg jir 10"000 lg fmr j|ù .sh American Mastodon j¾.fha i;=kaf.a fmdis,hla yuq úh' mß.Klfha Photo Shop uDÿldx.h ud¾.fhka tu PdhdrEmh ;=<g weg iels,a,la tl;= lr" tu weg iels,af,a ysi wi,g ñksil =o fhdod udOHhg ksl=;a lr ;sìK' fuh tla;rd wd.ñl u;jdohla i;H nj fmkaùu i|yd f,dj mqrd m%pdrh lrk ,oaols' American Mastodon hk fgdka 6 la muK nr ueu;a yd iudk if;ls' wä 10 la Wi fï i;d ueu;a yd yia;ska wh;ajk Proboscidea kue;s Ôj úoHd;aul j¾.hg wh;ah'
by; i|yka mßÈ jHdc fhdaOhl=f.a weg iels,a,la .ek fndrejla m;=rejd yeÍug ñksiqka Wkkaÿ jQfha wehs@ fhdaO ixl,amh b;sydih mqrd mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg udre fjñka mej;s ksidh' fhdaOhd fyda fhdaO jia;=jla ye¢kaùu i|yd Giant hk jpkhla 1297 jk ;=reu bx.%Sis NdIdjg ;snqfKa ke;' nhsn,fha me/Ks .súiqu kue;s fldgfia tk f.d,dh;a hqfrdamhg iy ueo fmrÈ.g wh;a b;du me/Ks ÿIaG fhdaOhl= jk w;r l%s' mQ' 1002 isg 970 isg BY%dh,fha rclï l< Davi rc;=ud úiska >d;kh lrk ,o nj lshkq ,efí' tl, BY%dh,h y÷kajk ,oafoa tlai;a BY%dh, rdcOdksh f,ih' fâúâ rcq Wmkafka wo m,ia;Skhg wh;a fn;af,fyfïh' miq ld,fha§ fhaiqia l%sia;=ia jykafiao fn;af,fyfïu Wm§' fid,uka kue;s rc;=ud Tyqg miq BY%dh,h md,kh lf<ah' fï w;r yskaÿ foaj l;dj, tk mßÈ ffo;h kue;s jxYhg wh;a fhdaO mrmqrla fuhg jir oyia .Kklg fmr mqrdK bkaÈhdfõ jdih l<y' Tjqyq wiqrhkag kElï lshQ fldgils' yskaÿ foújre jxYhla f,i i,lk ,o l,ays kElñka ffo;hhkaf.a uiaiskdjre jQy' foúhkag yeu fokdu j¢k mqok ksid Tjqka flfrys uy;a B¾IHdjlska miqjQ ffo;h fhdaO mrmqr ks;ru foúhkag úreoaOj igka l<y' W;=re weußlka uyoaùmfha uq,a jeishka jk Paiute f.da;%slhkag wkqj ^Tjqyq r;= bka§h iïNjhla we;s wh fj;s& weußldfõ le,sf*dkshd" bvdfyda" fkjdvd" Tß.ka m%foaYj, ñkS uia wkqNj lrk r;= flia we;s fhdaO ukqIH j¾.hla Ôj;a jQ njg idlaIs ;sfí' 1911 § fkjdvd m%dka;fha Lovelock kue;s Guano fmdfydr .=ydjl fmdfydr tl;= lrñka isá msßilg fï fhdaO ukqIHhka ms<sn| f;dr;=re yuqúh' .=jdfkda fmdfydr hkq úYd, .,a.=ydj, ,.sk jjq,ka iy mlaISkaf.a jiqreh' fïjd khsg%cka f*diafmaÜ iy fmdgEishï j,ska iukaú; idrj;a ñY%Khls' tajd úYd, ysia ln,a" úYd, we`.s,s weg iy b, weg j, fldgiah' fï mqrdjia;= .ek u; fNao mj;S' lmá gqjßiaÜ .hsâ,d úiska fmdfydr .=yd ;=<g i;=kaf.a fhdaO weg len,s oud tajd fhdaOhkaf.a fldgia njg lg l;d m;=rejk njg woyila we;' flfia jqj;a È.= >klï fliaj,ska iukaú; úYd, fliajeá o fuu .=ydfjka yuqù we;'
weußlka fhdaOhka wjika jrg Ôj;a jkakg we;af;a fuhg jir 15"000 lg fmr hEhs úYajdi flf¾' jk.; m%foaYj,§ ;ukag yuqjQ wä 12 la Wi fhdaO ñksiqka .ek ol=Kq weußlka jdiS weiagka yd blald f.da;%j,g wh;a me/kakka úiska jd¾;d lrkq ,en we;' fïjd iuyrla wl=ßka ,shQ jd¾;d jk w;r fiiai rEm u.ska .,a .=yd ì;a;sj, fyda .,a ,E,s j, ;nk ,o igykah' flfia jqjo iqÿ ñksiqka úiska weußlka N+ñh w,a,d .ekSug meñKs úg b;d úYd, YÍr we;s ukqIH j¾.hla igkg meñKs njg idlaIs ;sfí' fulS fhdaOhka Tule kue;s c,c me<Eáhla m%Odk wdydrh jYfhka f.k we;' fuh b;d fmdaIHodhl ;ka;=uh Ydlhls' ta flfia jqjo fldam ù i;=rka mrojd¨ miq Tjqkaf.a uia wkqNj lsÍu fuu fhdaOhkaf.a isß; ù we;' miq ld,fha§ fiiq f.da;%hkag fuu fhdaOhka úYd, ysßyerhla úh' fï ksid Tjqka >d;kh lsÍug fiiq f.da;%slhka tlÛ ù we;' fï wkqj f.da;%slhka oyia .Kkla fuu fhdaOhka lsysm fokl= ueÍu i|yd mkakdf.k tk úg Tjqka Lovelock .=ydjg ßx.df.k we;' msg;g meñK igka lrk f,i f.da;%slhka úiska fhdaOhkag wNsfhda. lrk ,en we;s uq;a fhdaOhka thg tl`. ù ke;' n,j;a f,i fldamhg m;ajQ f.da;%slhka .=yd lg or bm,aj,ska mqrjd thg .sks ;nd we;' .sks oe,a w;ßka msg;g wd fhdaOhka >d;kh lrk ,o nj;a b;sß wh yqiau ysrù .=ydj ;=< ñh.sh nj;a weußlka f.da;%sl mqrdjD; ths' miq ld,fha§ N+ñ lïmdjlska .,a .=ydfõ oajdrh lvd jeà" .,a l=Üáj,ska wjysr ù ;sfí' thska miq tys Ôj;aj we;af;a jjq,ka muKs'
jir 15000 lg miq 1911 § ta .=ydj leKSfï§ wä 6'5 la Wi .eyekq wegiels,a,la iy wä 8 la Wi msßñ weg iels,a,la yuq úh' thg wu;rj Si Te Cha fhdaO f.da;%hg iïnkaO fjk;a mqrdjia;= 10"000 lao yuq úh' fïjd fkjdvd ckmofha Winnemucca fl!;=ld.drfha ;ekam;a lr we;' weußlka fhdaOhkaf.a l;dj fu;ekska fl<jr jkafka ke;' 1931 § Lovelock .=ydj wi, msysá ú,a m;a,lska wä 8'5 la Wi wegiels,a,lao wä 10 la Wi weg iels,a,lao yuq úh' m<uq weg iels,a, Bðma;= uñhla fuka frÈj,ska T;d bá .,ajd ;sìK'
weußldfõ" fmkais,afõkshdfõ" n%eâ*¾â ckmohg wh;a Sayre .fï iqidk NQñhlska 1916 § b;d mqÿu iy.; fhdaO ñksia ysia ln,a lsysmhla yuq úh' tajdfhys bÈßmig fkrd.sh w`.,a 4 ne.ska È. wx fol ne.ska úh' wx j, msysàu weysneu j,ska w`.,a 2 la Wv isg werôk' wä 7 la muK Wi fï ukqIHhka ñhf.dia ;snqfKa l%s'j' 1200 § muKh' tajd *s,fv,a*shdfõ fl!;=ld.drhg hjk ,o nj;a miqj wia:dk.; jQ nj;a lshkq ,efí' fuu ysia ln,a f.da;%slhka úiska idok ,o fjia uqyqKq j¾.hla nj;a tajdfha wx fudar o;a j,ska idokakg we;s nj;a lshk who fj;s' tfy;a ysia ln,a ms<sn|j uq,§ l< mÍlaIKj,ska fy<s jQfha wx ysia ln,a yd iïnkaO jQ wjia:d j¾Okhla nj;a msg;ska iú fkdl< nj;ah'
by; i|yka fidhd .ekSïj,g wu;rj 1821 § weußldfõ fgkis ckmohg wh;a ú,shïika m<df;ka m%udKfhka b;d úYd, ñksia weg lgq lsysmhla fidhdf.k ;sìK' fïjd ;snqfKa .,ska l< fidfydka f.j,a ;=<h' 1879 § George W' Hill kue;a;dg weußldfõ Tydfhda m%dka;fhka wä 10 la Wi weg iels,a,la yuq úh' 1883 uehs udifha§ weußldfõ ñfkfidagd m%foaYfhka wä y; yudr ne.ska Wi .eyekq iy msßñ weg iels,s 10 la yuqúh'
1891 foieïn¾ 17 jeksod iqm%lg weußlka i`.rdjla jQ Nature m%ldYkfhys wä 10 la Wi ñksil=f.a weg iels,a,la yuq úh' Tyqf.a yeu wia:shlau ;Uj,ska irid ;sìKs' Tyqf.a ysi fomi ;U j,ska wdjrKh l< úYd, W,a folla ;nd ;snQ w;r uqLh ;=<g úYd, uq;= f;d.hla we;=¿ lr ysialnf,a há ykqj lvd jeàu j<lajkq msKsi uq;= ud,hlska ne| oud ;sìKs' Tyq wh;a f.da;%h wog;a fy<sù ke;' fhdaO ixl,amh 100] lau neyer lsÍug wm ldgj;a neßh' wä 8 la muK Wi ñksiaiq wog;a f,dalfha w;ßka m;r isá;s' fï ñksiqkag Wfia ;rug we.;a mqIaáu;a jqfKd;a" t;ek isákafka fhdaOhkah' ta nj f;areï .;aúg fï m%Yakh b;d ir,h'
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